| Raised ESR can be found in | Low ESR is found in: |
| 1. Connective tissue disorders 2. Infections e.g., TB, acute hepatitis, bacterial 3. Hematological disease e.g., multiple myeloma, anemia of acute or chronic disease, alone or combined with iron deficiency anemia 4. Malignancy e.g., lymphoma, breast or colon cancer 5. Pregnancy 6. Oral contraceptive pill users 7. Obesity can cause a moderately raised ESR |
1. Heart failure 2. Cachexia 3. PRV or secondary Conditions featuring abnormal blood cells e.g., sickle cell anemia, hereditary spherocytosis, acanthocytosis 4. Microcytosis 5. Hypofibrinogenemia e.g. DIC, 6. Massive hepatic necrosis 7. High white cell count 8. Treatment with steroids |
NB: Very high (>100) ESR is found in autoimmune disease, malignancy, acute post-trauma, and serious infection. A false high ESR can occur if the ambient temperature is unusually high.
